Canadian Ivory - Walrus, Narwhal, Mammoth and Elephant Tusk for Sale

Walrus Tusks - Odobenus rosmarus

Example of Walrus tusks:
large outer pair - male tusks with natural finish, 1.8 kg (4 lbs) each, 58 cm (23");
Middle pair - male tusks polished 1.05 kg (2.3 lbs) each, 48 cm (18");
Inner pair - female tusks polished 0.50 kg (1.1 lbs), 38 cm (15")

Walrus tusks arise from two modified canine teeth. They tend to be oval in cross section. The composition in cross section consists of an outer cementum layer. Within that layer lies the dentine. The dentine of the walrus tusk in turn is divided into an outer primary dentine, which has a classical ivory appearance, and then within that layer a secondary dentine, which has an intriguing marbled appearance. It is the presence of this secondary dentine that is characteristic of walrus ivory and differentiates it from other animals. The hardness between the 3 layers is quite consistent.

At the base of the walrus tusks is the conical pulp cavity. The pulp cavity includes connective tissue and odontoblastic cells which are responsible for the formation of new walrus tusk material. The size and ultimate shape of the pulp cavity varies from animal to animal but is similar between the 2 walrus tusks of the same animal. Typically, the cavity is 2.5 - 4 cm (1 to 1.5") in depth, but can range from only 1 - 8 cm (0.5 to 3").

Fine longitudinal black cracks occur in the cementum of walrus tusks and on into the outermost portion of the primary dentine. These 'breathing cracks' are common on tusks, more on the outer rather than the inner side of the tusk and they occur only outside the gum line.

The surfaces of the tusks aren't always absolutely flat. They can naturally grow in a convoluted shape with longitudinal dips and grooves which can enhance some applications.

Tusks are formed on both the male and female walrus. The males tend to produce heavier set, more impressive tusks than the females. Their size lends them to larger sculptures and applications where larger piece size is an issue. A common size for males is 1.0 - 1.4 kg (2 to 3 lbs) with a length of 40 cm (16 to 19") and a base cross section of 3 by 6 cm (1.25 by 2.5"). The female tusks are more slender and have less taper going from the base to the tip. Typically, the length of female walrus tusks is similar to a male but the base is more round than oval, say 4 cm (1.5") diameter, and the weight runs 0.5 to 1.0 kg (1 to 2 lbs.)

Walrus Skulls

Walrus skulls are impressive. A male walrus skull will measure 30 to 35 cm (12 to 14”) in length (front to back) and weigh up to10 kg (20 lbs) with the tusks. Unlike most marine mammals, walrus skulls are well armored given that they must anchor the tusks used for haul-out, feeding and fighting.

Walrus Oosik

Walrus oosik is a dense bone popular for carving and knife handles. Typically, they are 45 to 50 cm (18-20") in length and 2 to 4cm (1-1.5") in diameter in the middle. There is only a small porous core that leaves plenty of thickness for carving or shaping.

Walrus Teeth

These walrus teeth are located behind the primary tusks (behind the canine teeth). Ranging in size from 2 to 5 cm (1 to 2 1/2 ") long they are used for micro-carving, small scrimshaw and jewelry. In wood working they are used sliced in inlay or in mask making.

Narwhal Tusk - Monodon monoceros

	The narwhal tusk (see picture of cross section) is formed from a modified left upper incisor tooth. The tusk is a beautiful spiral of varying tones of white. Narwhal tusks occur on males – rarely on females. Very rarely there are double tusks on one male. The narwhal tusk consists of an outer cementum layer and one inside dentine layer. Inside the dentine is a pulp cavity that extends down most of the length of the tusk, narrowing in diameter and finally disappearing towards the tip of the tusk. Other than tusks, the narwhal has no other teeth. Through history the narwhal tusk has been associated with the unicorn and has been associated with mystical properties. It was said for example in Viking days that a cup made from the tusk of a narwhal would save the owner from poisoning by his enemies. There is much speculation on the purpose of narwhal tusks in nature. Suggestions have been made including mate attraction, communication and determining water temperature and maybe salinity. Living in a hostile arctic, ice ridden environment it is important to be able to source open water for breathing. It is not thought that the tusks are used in fighting. Just recently, a video was taken showing a narwhal fiercely wagging its tusk in the vicinity of a fish. The object was to stun the fish for food.
Skull of female narwhal showing 25 cm (10") residual tusk on the left side. This residual tusk resides within the skull and doesn't normally protrude - it does so here for the sake of the picture.	Male narwhal skull with tusk. Mandible shown in front of skull. We no longer offer skulls and we include the photo out of possible interest.
Cross section of narwhal tusk showing cementum and dentine layers with pulp cavity in the middle. The relative diameter of the cavity depends on the animal age. In older narwhal the cavity will all but disappear.

Muskox Horns - Ovibos moschatus

Muskox horn polishes to a beautiful translucent caramel colour with opaque white streaks. The pair in this picture measures 60 cm (24") from horn tip to horn tip and weighs 7.0 kg(15 lbs.) The single is much smaller at 1.8 kg (4 lbs.)

The 'boss' portion of the tusk refers to the part of the horn that attaches to the tusk to the skull. Interestingly, muskox horn can be molded or formed with the application of steam.

Whale Baleen - Bowhead whale - Balaena mysticetus

Non-toothed whales have a number of baleen plates arranged as overlapping shingles. Along one edge hairs act as a sieve with which to extract food from the water. The plates are tapered from approximately20 cm wide (8") and 1 cm thick (1/2") to a point and are up to 3 m (9 or 10') in length. The whale baleen also taper from the top to the bottom edge along the length.

The source of baleen is intermittent. Some northern communities are given a rare licence by Canadian Federal authorities to harvest a whale. Occasionally there is natural mortality found.

Baleen from the bowhead whale has a streaked dark grey coating over a jet black interior. Once used as stays in ladies' corsets of Victorian times, umbrella ribs, return springs for harpsicords, and buggy whips, it was regarded as nature's plastic because there is some elasticity to thin pieces. There was high demand in Europe in the 19th C. It is used today in carvings or as accent pieces in carvings and also reverse scrimshaw (white on black). Baleen will take a high gloss with polishing.

It is regarded as Appendix 1 in CITES and is available in Canada only.

Sperm Whale Teeth - Physeter macrocephallus

These Sperm whale teeth have a long history for carving, scrimshanding and collecting. These Sperm whale teeth are CITES Appendix I and as such international trade is not possible. They were imported into Canada in the early 1970's from off shore sources, prior to trade bans being put in place. Available for sale in Canada only.

Mammoth Tusk

Mammoth is now extinct anywhere from 10,000 to 100,000 years. Mammoth ivory is a beautiful medium to work. From Canadian origin, long buried in the permafrost this material can exhibit some colour taken from soil minerals on the outside cementum layer. Typically the inside is a light cream colour. It polishes to a bright shine using jewelers rouge on a cloth wheel or to a matt finish using steel wool. It can be stained. We like to source mammoth ivory that has been dried for at least 4 years. That curing time affords the material more stability and thus less disappointment. We do our best to pass on the history of the pieces as we know it. We have pieces of varying grades typically cut into 3 to 6" lengths.

Being an extinct species, we can ship to most countries with no permit required. Both mammoth and elephant ivory exhibit a characteristic zig-zag or diamond shaped grain in cross section called Shreger lines. It is the angle of this grain which determines which of these 2 species the ivory is from.

Mammoth Slabs

We are now offering mammoth ivory slabs for a number of uses including knife scales, jewelry, musical instruments, pendant slabs and raw material for working on a lathe. Most is cut into ¼” thick slabs but other sizes are available. Please email or call and we can provide a list of pieces available.

Pre-ban Elephant Tusk

NONE IN STOCK AT THE MOMENT

Pre-ban elephant ivory is that ivory which entered Canada prior to July 1975. In that year, Canada signed onto CITES wherein international trade was heavily regulated. Since 1975, hunting trophy tusks are able to enter Canada provided that the host country where the tusks were obtained is willing to offer a CITES export permit and Canada is willing to offer a CITES import permit.

We respect the current conservation work of groups to maintain elephant populations in various locations of the world and we will not entertain handling illegal ivory. That’s important. It is legal to own, trade and ship pre-ban elephant ivory within Canada; post ban with permits. International trade or transporting pre-ban elephant ivory outside Canada is not permitted.

Ivory Art

I really enjoy seeing ivory art. Over the years I’ve been privileged to meet some excellent artists. I found that art, as excellent as it may be, doesn’t sell well on the internet so I discontinued it.

On left, Wolf pendant with a salmon at its feet. First Nations artist in traditional westcoast style. 5 x 10 cm(2 x 4") Abalone shell inlay on walrus ivory. On the right, killer whale by same artist. 41/2 x 9 cm (1 3/4 x 3 1/2") Abalone shell inlay on mammoth ivory.	On left, Owl pendant with the Moon on itsshoulder. Robert "Cymba" Vincent artist. 4 x 6 cm ( 1 1/2 x 21/2") Walrus ivory with abalone shell inlay around the moon,tiger eye in the owl eyes and Austrian glass in the moon eyes. On the right, Hummingbird pendant. Sameartist. 4 x 5 cm (1 1/2 x 1 3/4") Walrus ivory with abaloneshell background with carnelian malachite; ebony backing.
On left, Frog pendant. Robert "Cymba" Vincent artist. 1 1/2 x 3 1/2 cm (3/4 x 1 1/2") Walrus ivory (tooth)with garnet eyes. On right, Flower Pendant. Same artist. 1 1/2 x2 1/2 cm (3/4 x 1") Walrus ivory (tooth) with carnelian centre.	Please click any of the Ivory Art images for a larger, more detailed version of the picture.

Working with Ivory

Working with ivory can be done with some of the same tools and methods as woodworking. Primary cuts are made with a bandsaw with ¼ to ½” blades and tooth counts of 8 to 10 teeth per inch. If there’s not too much to cut, a hack saw or even a fine toothed cross cut wood saw will work just fine. Use a finer tooth count, say 14 to 18 tpi, for subsequent cuts on the same band saw or use a jeweler’s saw. I will often apply a little Welbond glue to the end grain freshly after a cut. I’ve found ivory to be abrasive to tools and it pays to invest in quality blades. Be careful to keep your saw blades sharp and don’t apply too much pressure as you cut. It's ok to take your time. Too much pressure with a duller blade and you’ll see your cut ‘wander’ off its intended path.

Sanding with a bench mounted belt sander works well by working the grits up to final hand sanding of 400 to 600. I suggest that you start at around 100 to 120. Too coarse and the scratches will be tough to work out of the surface. Take your time in moving up the grits or you’ll have to back-peddle your grit to remove lines from a coarser grit. Where carving is considered, a ‘dremel’ type tool works well. Small cracks can be filled with epoxy mixed with ivory dust and then sanded smooth. That’s an old carver’s trick.

For both cutting and sanding I use a vacuum system attached to the tools and I usually wear some form of eye and respiratory protection. While I’ve not heard of ivory being particularly toxic, it just makes sense to not expose oneself to the dust as part of a healthy industrial hygiene regime. The more the exposure the more the importance. I know some carvers who use a fan behind them or to one side as they work along with a dust mask. If I can work outside, I do.

After sanding, a choice of a matt finish can be made, perhaps augmented with some fine steel wool. It’s amazing what steel wool will do. That’s my personal preference for a finish. Alternatively, there are a number of jeweler rouges available from lapidary shops that can be applied with a cloth wheel mounted with on a bench grinder to provide a glossy finish. Ensure you use white rouge and a white cloth wheel, or the colour can transfer to your work and be difficult to remove.

The primary enemy to working with ivory is a build up of heat resulting in the surface taking on a chalky look. If the piece gets too warm to comfortably hold, it’s too hot. Be particularly cautious in this respect with sanding.

There is a lot of controversy over ‘stabilizing’ ivory. Some swear by it and others don’t. Stabilizing is simply removing very slight residual moisture using low heat or a vacuum from the ivory and replacing it with an oil or a resin. There are some home-made and professional remedies available. Where it’s of more importance is where the ivory is backed onto some other material, such as metal in a knife handle, where differential expansion from heat could possibly lead to difficulties. Alternatively, in this case use an attachment system with some ‘give’ in it. Where the ivory is occasionally wet (eg on knife handles) is cause to consider stabilizing. If you would like further information, I suggest that you make contact through your local knife making guild.

Gemological properties of ivory vary somewhat by species. For elephant ivory, Makeup: 65-70% hydroxyapatite CA5(PO4)3OH plus collagen and elastin proteins; hardness 2.5 to 2.75; specific gravity 1.7 to 2.0

Regulations

The walrus and narwhal are primarily hunted for their meat by the Inuit of northern Canada. This hunt is tightly regulated by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans and pilot projects are providing more local autonomy. The tusks provide a secondary resource and source of cash and are not the primary objective of the hunt. The tusks have historical significance in providing the medium for the creation of implements, toys and religious objects. Trade in this ivory and its ownership is legal within Canada.

International trade of the tusks is possible and controlled by permit under the auspices of the ‘Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora’ (CITES). By international agreement, Canada can issue a CITES Export Permit which will be recognized by those other countries which allow such imports.

The normal permit process commences with an application to Canadian CITES authorities for an Export Permit. When issued, that permit is faxed or emailed to the customer in order that an application can be made to the CITES authorities of the importing country for a CITES Import Permit. When the Import Permit is issued we can ship.

Notably the United States restricts imports of marine mammal material. We cannot ship this to the United States. However mammoth tusk and muskox horn shipments to the U.S. have gone smoothly to date. No permits needed. Of late, 5 states have started restricting mammoth slab imports.

Ordering these Materials

If you’d like to order or for inquiries about pricing on any of these materials, please call or write:

Email: [email protected]

www.cites.org	There are 2 particular documents which may be of interest: Documents, publications – 'Identification Guide for Ivory and Ivory Substitutes'. Discover CITES, Parties – 'National CITES Authorities'. This provides CITES contact details for over 180 countries to research import regulations.
www.shanewilson.com	Sculptor of antlers.
www.luth.org	Making and repairing stringed instruments.

Canadian Ivory Inc.

Walrus and Narwhal Tusks

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